In bacteria, the DNA forms into a long and twisted loop. The contorted tracks... close... to form a singular circular . In eukaryotic cells, there ar… - Nick Lane

[Yellowstone] are not alkaline thermal vents... There are vents... of this serpentinized hosted systems with alkaline fluids rich in gas. ...A place called The Cedars in northern California ...Ken Nealson is the guy. ...He's done a lot of work up in The Cedars.

The double helix of DNA... is composed of two long chains [of 'letters'] that snake around each other... each strand providing an exact template for the other. ...[E]ach strand ...contains just four types of letter, with ...billions ...arranged down... the chain. ...3,000 million letters ...make up the human genome ...[T]he same — the same lines of code — can have different effects depending on the context.

[T]he mechanism by which mitochondria generate energy, by pumping protons across a membrane (), is found in all forms of life... It's a bazarre way... This idea, however... won Peter Mitchell a Nobel Prize...