My mind takes flight like a butterfly. There is so much to do. You can wander off in space or in time, set out for Tierra del Fuego or for King Midas… - Michael S. Gazzaniga

There was another major phase of split-brain research where we studied the patients as a way of getting at the other questions very much alive in neuroscience, everything from questions about visual midline overlap to spatial attention and resource allocations. At this point the split-brain patients provided a way of examining cortical-subcortical relationships, and other matters.

Emergence is when micro-level complex systems that are far from equilibrium (thus allowing for the amplification of random events) self-organize (creative, self-generated, adaptability-seeking behavior) into new structures, with new properties that previously did not exist, to form a new level of organization on the macro level.

As in any layered system, however, the system can become jeopardized if a core component that transfers information from one layer to another malfunctions. In the case of biological tissue, if the kinds of proteins that connect cells together are defective, then information may not be able to transfer from the individual-cell layer to the tissue layer, and the entire system could shut down. While not perfect, the layered design of biological systems is advantageous because it minimizes the number of points in the system that, if attacked, would result in catastrophic damage, and it limits the effects of attacks at other points.