Debs ran for president, in 1920, it would be from behind bars, as Convict No. 9653 in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. - Arthur Herman

As for Japan, the rejection of the racial equality clause and, by implication, of Japan's status as a Great Power equal to France or Britain doomed those Japanese politicians arguing for an accommodationist, pro-Western slant to their country's foreign policy, especially toward the United States.

American technology was now driving military strategy, rather than the other way around.

peace without victory." He said that "victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a victor's terms imposed upon the vanquished." Such a peace would only breed shame and resentment