his version of American exceptionalism was one that put other nations at a severe disadvantage, as benighted and ignorant of the true course of histo… - Arthur Herman

Mussolini would be a powerful example of how the events of 1917 shaped the future — and of the unexpected product of a failed and increasingly bankrupt Wilsonism.

while their generals' strategies committed them to taking the offensive, the new tools of modern warfare gave the overwhelming advantage to the defender.

former minister of the interior, Pyotr Durnovo. Dated February 1914, five months before Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination, it presciently warned of what might happen if Russia found itself dragged into a general war and lost. In that case, Durnovo wrote, "a social revolution in its most extreme form will be unavoidable for Russia."