It is much more accurate to identify the factors of production as know-how (that is genetic information structure), energy, and materials, for, as we… - Kenneth E. Boulding

(i) The first level is that of the static structure. It might be called the level of frameworks...

Nations are divided into "good"and "bad"-the enemy is all bad, one's own nation is of spotless virtue. Wars are either acts of God or acts of the other nations, which always catch us completely by surprise. To a student of international systems the national image even of respectable, intellectual, and powerful people seems naive and untrue. The patriotism of the sophisticated cannot be a simple faith. There is, however, in the course of human history a powerful and probably irreversible movement toward sophistication. We can wise up, but we cannot wise down, except at enormous cost in the breakdown of civilizations, and not even a major breakdown results in much loss of knowledge.

It is almost as hard to define mathematics as it is to define economics, and one is tempted to fall back on the famous old definition attributed to , “Economics is what economists do,” and say that mathematics is what mathematicians do. A large part of mathematics deals with the formal relations of quantities or numbers.