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" "God gives his grace freely, in the strictest sense of the word, and without merit on the part of man. For if God did not bestow his grace in this perfectly gratuitous manner, but on account of some subordinate contingent uncertain cause, he could not possibly foresee how he should bestow his free gifts.
Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric and doctor of theology, scholastic philosopher, mathematician, physicist, courtier, and was elected Archbishop of Canterbury twice. The first election was annulled by King Edward III (to whom Bradwardine was chaplain and confessor) saying he "could ill spare so worthy a man". Within the year, his second election in 1349 was consecrated by Pope Clement VI at Avignon, but upon his return home Thomas died of the prevailing Great Mortality, the Black Death, forty days after his consecration and before he was to be enthroned. As one of the Oxford Calculators at Merton College, Oxford, he contributed to the mathematization of scholastic philosophy and kinematics. He earned the highest reputation following the immediate popularity of his great work De causa Dei contra Pelagium (cause of God against the Pelagians) among learned men of England and the Continent, and thereafter was commonly entitled Doctor Profundus ("the profound doctor").
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St. Paul says, that God commendeth his love to us in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us: and that when we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son. St. Paul was in a peculiar manner a child of grace: with gratitude, therefore, he honours and extols its efficacy in all his epistles; and particularly in his epistle to the Romans throughout he defends his doctrines with great precision and copiousness. 'Every mouth,' says he, 'must be stopped, and all the world become guilty before God. By the deeds of the law no flesh can be justified. Man must be justified freely by his grace. By grace are ye saved through faith, and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God: not of works, lest any man should boast.'
Undoubtedly, such expressions as, 'Turn yourselves,' &c. relate to the free power which every man has to will; but if Pelagius had half an eye, he might see that God, in giving the precept which directs us to turn unto him, influences also the human will, and excites it to action; not, indeed, in opposition our free choice, but the reverse, as I have all along maintained. Hence it is written, 'Without me ye do nothing.' And again, 'I laboured more abundantly than they all, yet not I, but the grace of God which with me.' And lastly, 'I do not this for your sakes, O house of Israel, but for mine holy name's sake. Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and shall be clean; and I will cleanse you from your idols. A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will put within you; and I will take away the stony heart, and will give you a heart of flesh.'