Positivism : knowledge is hard, real, and capable of being transmitted in a tangible form. - Robert L. Flood

We consider the notion of "system" as an organising concept, before going on to look in detail at various systemic metaphors that may be used as a basis for structuring thinking about organisations and problem situations.

In general, we seem to associate complexity with anything we find difficult to understand.

So far it has been ascertained that a root definition is a core description of purposeful activity taken from a specific point of view.