When you’re a repeat player, when your world is your business and your business is your world, it’s all about long-term relationships. In any negotia… - Sam Zell

Some emerging markets will check all the boxes — strong population growth, growing middle class, verge of investment grade, great leadership, and hunger for capital — and then be missing the one ingredient that enables you to monetize your investment: scale. Without scale, you don’t have liquidity. You have no optionality. In essence, you’re stuck. Africa is a great example. I think many countries, such as Botswana, have potential, but the upper and middle classes are too small for me to get involved. Chile is another example. It has the institutions and leadership, but only 17 million people — no scale.

I told David, “Go look at every store and its entire inventory, who we would sell it to and what we would get for it, in case the deal goes south.” It was a basic fire-sale analysis — what we’d get in the worst-case scenario if we had to liquidate the company. David came back and said, “We’d get 80 percent of our purchase price back.” So I knew that what we had to lose was 20 percent.

We believed the real money in real estate came from borrowing long-term, fixed-rate debt in an inflationary scenario that ultimately depreciated the value of the loan and increased the position of the borrower.