[T]he work that I did with... has shown... time that is measured by clocks is... an average of all the changes in the universe. - Julian Barbour

[S]ymbols have no meaning if divorced from the entities that they represent.

I find no reason to reverse the standard assumption of physics... what we experience can be explained by the assumption of an external world governed by law.

The concepts of message and probability enable one, for a definite source of <math>N</math> messages, to define Shannon’s information. If <math>p_i,\quad i = 1, 2, ..., N</math>, is the relative probability of message <math>i</math> and <math>\log p_i</math> is its base-2 logarithm, then the information <math>I</math> of the given source is(1) <math>\quad I = - \sum_{k=1}^N p_i \log p_i</math>.The minus sign makes <math>I</math> positive because all probabilities, which are necessarily greater than or equal zero, are less than unity (their sum being<math>\textstyle \sum_{i}^N p_i = 1</math>, so that their logarithms are all negative.