Admettre l'inégalité, c'est souscrire à une dépravation de l'espèce. - François-Noël Babeuf

We shall distinguish in Robespierre two men, apostle of liberty, and Robespierre the most infamous of tyrants.

Prior to the middle of the nineteenth century, the ideal of equality was an aspiration that occasionally produced social violence but lacked both a theory and a strategy. Thus, in seventeenth-century England, Gerrard Winstanley, the leader of a radical group called the Diggers, exhorted his followers to seize the commons and turn them into arable land. He formulated something like a communistic doctrine that denounced commerce in land or its product. During the French Revolution, a century and a half later, the French radical François-Noël Babeuf organized a “Conspiracy for Equality,” which called for the socialization of all property. Neither man, however, had a doctrine capable of demonstrating how the kind of social revolution he advocated would come into being. The same held true of socialist idealists active in the early nineteenth century, such as the Comte de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier, who pinned their hopes on persuading the rich to part with their wealth.

I confess today in good faith that I am angry with myself for having formerly seen in a bad light, and the revolutionary government, and Robespierre and Saint-Just. I believe that these men were worth more on their own than all the revolutionaries together.