The adverse impact on development productivity of requiring programmers to navigate along access paths to reach target data [...] was enormous. In ad… - Edgar F. Codd

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The adverse impact on development productivity of requiring programmers to navigate along access paths to reach target data [...] was enormous. In addition, it was not possible to make slight changes in the layout in storage without simultaneously having to revise all programs that relied on the previous structure. [...] As a result, far too much manpower was being invested in continual (and avoidable) maintenance of application programs.