Thus, we have three principles for increasing adequacy of data: if you must work with a single object, look for imperfections that record historical … - Stephen Jay Gould

Evolution is the conviction that organisms developed their current forms by an extended history of continual transformation, and that ties of genealogy bind all living things into one nexus. Panselectionism is a denial of history, for perfection covers the tracks of time. A perfect wing may have evolved to its current state, but it may have been created just as we find it. We simply cannot tell if perfection be our only evidence. As Darwin himself understood so well, the primary proofs of evolution are oddities and imperfections that must record pathways of historical descent—the panda's thumb and the flamingo's smile of my book titles (chosen to illustrate this paramount principle of history).

Evolution is an obstacle course not a freeway; the correct analogue for long-term success is a distant punt receiver evading legions of would-be tacklers in an oddly zigzagged path toward a goal, not a horse thundering down the flat.

A foltos hiénáról írt legújabb tanulmányok szerzői úgy találták, a hímek és nőstények annyira hasonlítanak, hogy nemüket biztonsággal csak a herezacskó megtapintásával lehet megállapítani.