Stephen Jay Gould Quotes

As arrogant as I may be in general, I am not sufficiently doltish or vainglorious to imagine that I can meaningfully address the deep philosophical questions embedded within this general inquiry of our intellectual ages — that is, fruitful modes of analysis for the history of human thought. I shall therefore take refuge in an escape route that has traditionally been granted to scientists: the liberty to act as a practical philistine. Instead of suggesting a principled and general solution, I shall ask whether I can specify an operational way to define “Darwinism” (and other intellectual entities) in a manner specific enough to win shared agreement and understanding among readers, but broad enough to avoid the doctrinal quarrels about membership and allegiance that always seem to arise when we define intellectual commitments as pledges of fealty to lists of dogmata (not to mention initiation rites, secret handshakes and membership cards — in short, the intellectual paraphernalia that led Karl Marx to make his famous comment to a French journalist: “je ne suis pas marxiste”).

The Mismeasure of Man treats one particular form of quantified claim about the ranking of human groups: the argument that intelligence can be meaningfully abstracted as a single number capable of ranking all people on a linear scale of intrinsic and unalterable mental worth. Fortunately — and I made my decision on purpose — this limited subject embodies the deepest (and most common) philosophical error, with the most fundamental and far-ranging social impact, for the entire troubling subject of nature and nurture, or the genetic contribution to human social organization.

Duke est desipere in loco [it is pleasant to act foolishly from time to time — a line from Horace].

[A]lthough species may be discrete, they have no immutable essence. Variation is the raw material of evolutionary change. It represents the fundamental reality of nature, not an accident about a created norm. Variation is primary; essences are illusory. Species must be defined as ranges of irreducible variation.

[H]istorical science is not worse, more restricted, or less capable of achieving firm conclusions because experiment, prediction, and subsumption under invariant laws of nature do not represent its usual working methods. The sciences of history use a different mode of explanation, rooted in the comparative and observational richness in our data. We cannot see a past event directly, but science is usually based on inference, not unvarnished observation (you don't see electrons, gravity, or black holes either).

The nematode enters the insect's mouth, anus, or spiracle and migrates into the hemocoel. There the nematode injects millions of bacterial symbionts from its own intestine into the insect's circulatory system. These bacteria, though harmless to the nematode, kill the insect within hours.

The most erroneous stories are those we think we know best - and therefore never scrutinize or question.

El mundo está repleto de señales que no percibimos. Las criaturas diminutas viven en un mundo diferente de fuerzas poco familiares. Muchos animales “de nuestra escala exceden en mucho el alcance de nuestra percepción de sensaciones familiares. Los murciélagos esquivan los obstáculos haciendo rebotar en ellos ondas sonoras de frecuencia que yo no alcanzo a oír, aunque algunas personas sí pueden hacerlo. Muchos insectos ven el ultravioleta y siguen las invisibles «guías» del néctar de las flores hasta lo que para ellos es una fuente de alimentos y de polen que acarrearán hasta la siguiente flor para su fecundación (las flores crean estas trazas orientadoras de color en su propio beneficio, no en el de los insectos).
¡Qué seres tan poco perceptivos somos! Rodeados de tantas cosas fascinantes y reales que no vemos (oímos, olemos, tocamos, saboreamos) en la naturaleza, y, no obstante, tan crédulos y predispuestos a la aceptación de nuevos poderes que confundimos los trucos de magos mediocres con percepciones de un mundo psíquico más allá del nuestro. Lo paranormal puede ser una fantasía; desde luego es un refugio para muchos charlatanes. Pero los poderes de percepción «parahumana» están a nuestro alrededor en las aves, las abejas y las bacterias.

When puzzled, it never hurts to read the primary documents—a rather simple and self-evident principle that has, nonetheless, completely disappeared from large sectors of the American experience.

Science tries to record and explain the factual character of the natural world, whereas religion struggles with spiritual and ethical questions about the meaning and proper conduct of our lives. The facts of nature simply cannot dictate correct moral behavior or spiritual meaning.

History is also a hard taskmaster, for she covers her paths by erasing so much evidence from her records —

Anton Chekhov wrote that “one must not put a loaded rifle on stage if no one is thinking of firing it.” Good drama requires spare and purposive action, sensible linking of potential causes with realized effects. Life is much messier; nothing happens most of the time. Millions of Americans (many hotheaded) own rifles (many loaded), but the great majority, thank God, do not go off most of the time. We spend most of real life waiting for Godot, not charging once more unto the breach.

South America had been an island continent, far bigger and far more diverse than Australia, for tens of millions of years before the Isthmus of Panama rose just a couple of million years ago. The resulting flood of North American mammals across the new land bridge corresponds in time with the decimation of the native South American fauna. In fact, most large mammals generally considered distinctly South American... are all recent migrants from North America.

The study of social setting does not imply either the irrelevance or nonexistence of a factual world out there.

We reveal ourselves in the metaphors we choose for depicting the cosmos in miniature.