When you are philosophizing you have to descend into primeval chaos and feel at home there. - Ludwig Wittgenstein

My aim is: to teach you to pass from a piece of disguised nonsense to something that is patent nonsense.

All testing, all confirmation and disconfirmation of a hypothesis takes place already within a system. And this system is not a more or less arbitrary and doubtful point of departure for all our arguments: no, it belongs to the essence of what we call an argument. The system is not so much as the point of departure, as the element in which arguments have their life.

If a sign is not necessary then it is meaningless. That is the meaning of Occam’s razor. (If everything in the symbolism works as though a sign had meaning, then it has meaning.)