To conceive of knowledge as a collection of information seems to rob the concept of all of its life. Knowledge resides in the user and not in the col… - C. West Churchman

If the story of my early years with Russ sound like they were years of battle, then the sound is correct.

Another way of emphasizing this diversity is to argue that if one cannot forecast (predict), one does not have a theory, and that forecasting is the weakest link in the chain of the management sciences at present. Indeed, if one cannot predict one cannot measure, and if one cannot measure, then there is no "theory."

Lindblom (1959) and Churchman (1967) make it clear that the assumption of synoptic or complete rationality in planning systems is not only inadequate in a methodological sense, but illegitimate in an ethical or professional sense.