The part which is nearest to the earth... is without knots and is "clear." But the upper part, on account of the great heat in it throws up branches … - Vitruvius

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The part which is nearest to the earth... is without knots and is "clear." But the upper part, on account of the great heat in it throws up branches into the air through the knots and this... is called "knotwood" because of its hardness and knottiness. The lowest part, after the tree is cut down and the sapwood of the same thrown away, is split up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called clearstock.

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About Vitruvius

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. 80/70 BC?; died ca. 25 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC.

Also Known As

Native Name: Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Alternative Names: Vitruvius Pollio Pollio Vitruvius Marcus Vitruvius Lucius Vitruvius Cordo Marcus Vitruvius Mamurra
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The architect should also have a knowledge of the study of medicine on account of the questions of climates, air, the healthiness and unhealthiness of sites, and the use of different waters. For without these considerations the healthiness of a dwelling cannot be assured.

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Towns should be laid out not as an exact square nor with salient angles, but in circular form, to give a view of the enemy from many points. Defense is difficult where there are salient angles because the angle protects the enemy rather than the inhabitants.

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