Social dislocation can easily breed a reactionary form of nostalgia. - Robert D. Putnam

Stressful conditions from outside school are much more likely to intrude into the classroom in high poverty schools. Every one of ten stressors is two to three times more common in high poverty schools — Student hunger, unstable housing, lack of medical and dental care, caring for family members, immigration issues, community violence and safety issues.

Biopsychiatrists at the Harvard Medical School have shown that mothers who frequently abuse their children even verbally can impair the circuitry of those kids’ brains.

Here the question is whether growing up in a poor neighborhood imposes any additional handicaps. The answer is yes.