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" "Any character or proposition either concerns one subject, two subjects, or a plurality of subjects. For example, one particle has mass, two particles attract one another, a particle revolves about the line joining two others. A fact concerning two subjects is a dual character or relation; but a relation which is a mere combination of two independent facts concerning the two subjects may be called degenerate, just as two lines are called a degenerate conic. In like manner a plural character or conjoint relation is to be called degenerate if it is a mere compound of dual characters. A sign is in a conjoint relation to the thing denoted and to the mind. If this triple relation is not of a degenerate species, the sign is related to its object only in consequence of a mental association, and depends upon a habit. Such signs are always abstract and general, because habits are general rules to which the organism has become subjected. They are, for the most part, conventional or arbitrary. They include all general words, the main body of speech, and any mode of conveying a judgment. For the sake of brevity I will call them tokens.
Charles Sanders Peirce [pronounced like purse] (10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, chemist and polymath, who is now remembered as a pioneer of the field of semiotics and, with the formulation of the pragmatic maxim, the founder of the philosophies of Pragmatism and Pragmaticism. He was the son of the mathematician Benjamin Peirce.
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It is important to understand what I mean by semiosis. All dynamic action, or action of brute force, physical or psychical, either takes place between two subjects, — whether they react equally upon each other, or one is agent and the other patient, entirely or partially, — or at any rate is a resultant of such actions between pairs. But by "semiosis" I mean, on the contrary, an action, or influence, which is, or involves, a cooperation of three subjects, such as a sign, its object, and its interpretant, this tri-relative influence not being in any way resolvable into actions between pairs.
Они који извршавају на различите начине организовану моћ у држави неће се никада моћи уверити у то да опасна размишљања не треба на неки начин потчињавати. Тамо где право говора није отворено спречавано, јединство мнења се постиже моралним терором са којим су поштовани у друштву изричито сагласни. Следити мишљење владајућих значи ићи стазом мира. Нека су скретања допуштена, друга која важе као несигурна, забрањена. Она су различита у различитим земљама и различитим епохама, али ма где био: ако је познато да припадаш табуисаној вери можеш бити сигуран да ће с тобом поступати с окрутношћу која је мање брутална, али рафинованија од лова на вука. Највећи духовни доброчинитељи човечанства никада се нису усудили а и данас се не усуђују да изнесу своје мисли. Сенка сумње прима фацие пада на свако размишљање које се чини важним за сигурност друштва. По правилу прогањање долази само споља: човек се сам раздире и често је преплашен тиме што заступа ставове против којих су га његовог мишљења ауторитету учили да се бори. Мирном и добронамерном карактеру стога тешко пада да се супротстави покушају потчињавања.
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