That in fact all the people pay for all the acts of their government… is a mere empirical fact; that they know themselves liable is the first indicat… - Karl Jaspers

Metaphysical guilt is the lack of absolute solidarity with the human being as such — an indelible claim beyond morally meaningful duty. This solidarity is violated by my presence at a wrong or a crime. It is not enough that I cautiously risk my life to prevent it; if it happens, and I was there, and if I survive where the other is killed, I know from a voice within myself: I am guilty of being still alive.

The 'public' is a phantom, the phantom of an opinion supposed to exist in a vast number of persons who have no effective interrelation and though the opinion is not effectively present in the units. Such an opinion is spoken of as 'public opinion,' a fiction which is appealed to by individuals and by groups as supporting their special views. It is impalpable, illusory, transient; "'tis here, 'tis there, 'tis gone"; a nullity which can nevertheless for a moment endow the multitude with power to uplift or destroy.

عندما يكون الانسان واعيا بحريته وعياً حقيقيا ، فانه في الوقت نفسه يصبح مقتنعا بوجود الله ، فالله والحرية لا ينفصلان
الاسلام بين الشرق والغرب