French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (1596–1650)
René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650) was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and writer. He is known for his influential arguments for substance dualism, where mind and body are considered to have distinct essences, one being characterized by thought, the other by spatial extension. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics." He is also known as Cartesius.
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I would like those who are not at all versed in anatomy to take the trouble, before reading this, to have the heart of some large animal that has lungs dissected in their presence (for such a heart is in all respects sufficiently similar to that of a man), and to be shown the two chambers or cavities that are in it.
so that even although he had from the beginning given it no other form than that of chaos, provided only he had established certain laws of nature, and had lent it his concurrence to enable it to act as it is wont to do, it may be believed, without discredit to the miracle of creation, that, in this way alone, things purely material might, in course of time, have become such as we observe them at present; and their nature is much more easily conceived when they are beheld coming in this manner gradually into existence, than when they are only considered as produced at once in a finished and perfect state.
Yesterday’s meditation raised doubts — ones that are too serious to be ignored — which I can see no way of resolving. I feel like someone who is suddenly dropped into a deep whirlpool that tumbles him around so that he can neither stand on the bottom nor swim to the top. However, I shall force my way up, and try once more to carry out the project that I started on yesterday.
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Remembering, however, as I have already said, that the natural light is to be
trusted only in so far as nothing to the contrary is revealed by God Himself. …
Moreover, it must be fixed in one's memory as the highest rule, that what has
been revealed to us by God is to be believed as the most certain of all things;
and even though the light of reason should seem most clearly to suggest
something else, we must nevertheless give creedence to the divine authority
only, rather than our own judgment. (Principia philosophiae, pars prima 28 and
76.)
The whole force of the argument rests on the fact that I recognize that it would be impossible for me to exist, being of such a
nature as I am (namely, having in me the idea of God), unless God did
in fact exist. God, I say, that same being the idea of whom is in me: a
being having all those perfections that I cannot comprehend, but can
somehow touch with my thought, and a being subject to no defects
whatever. From these considerations it is quite obvious that he cannot be
a deceiver, for it is manifest by the light of nature that all fraud and
deception depend on some defect