Novalis was cried down as an enthusiastic mystic by the prosaic, and Spinoza as godless by the literalists. It was incumbent upon me to protest again… - Benedictus de Spinoza

Between 1854 and 1856, while Bain and Spencer were publishing their first major studies of psychology, George Eliot was immersed in the task of translating Spinoza's Ethics (1677). Before the middle of the nineteenth century, relatively little attention had been given to Spinoza by British philosophers, in part because his geometrical style of metaphysics was antithetical to the spirit of eighteenth-century empiricism, and also because of his unpalatable reputation as an atheist. As Lewes remarked, "the accusation of Spinozism was another name for atheism, and deliberate yielding of the soul to Satan". Although Coleridge had absorbed Spinoza's writing as part of his immersion in Continential metaphysics, and Shelley too had been drawn to his religious radicalism, no one before Eliot's generation championed the philosopher in the way that Goethe had done in Germany. By 1878, however, the philosopher Frederick Pollock was commenting in the journal Mind that "in the Ethics of Spinoza we have one of the most remarkable achievements of constructive philosophic genius ever given to the world." Such keen praise was commonly accepted by this time as being neither eccentric nor misguided. Lewes, who was among the first in Britain to give Spinoza serious critical consideration, believed the Ethics opened "a new era in History." Carlyle's literary executor, J. A. Froude, who grudgingly acknowledged in 1855 that "Spinoza's influence over European thought is too great to be denied or set aside," eventually became another important channel for the dissemination of his ideas. [...] There was, then, an increasingly wide spread recognition in the second half of the nineteenth century that Spinoza was a central figure in modern thought, an opinion few in Britain endorsed before the 1850s.

تَعوَّد اليهود أن يَنسِبوا إلى الله ما كان يتعدَّى فهْمَهم ويجهلون أسبابه الطبيعية في ذلك العصر، فالعاصفة «غضب الله»، والرعد والصاعقة سهام الله. ويعتقد أنَّ الله يحبِس الرياح في كهوفٍ يُسمُّونها غرفة كنز الله، ويختلفون في هذا الصَّدَد عن الوثنِيِّين؛ لأنهم يجعلون الله وليس أيول مُسيِّر الرياح، وللسبب نفسه سُمِّيت المُعجزات أفعال الله أي أفعالًا تُثير الدهشة، ذلك أنَّ كلَّ الأشياء الطبيعية أفعال الله، وهي لا تحدُث أو تُؤثِّر إلَّا بقدرة الله وحدَها. وهذا ما أراد كاتب المزامير أن يُعبِّر عنه عندما سَمَّى مُعجِزات مصر قُدرات الله؛ لأنَّ هذه المُعجِزات فَتَحت للعبرانيين، وهُم على شفا خطرٍ داهم، طريقًا للخلاص لم يَكونوا يأمُلون فيه، فأثارت إعجابهم الشديد. فإذا قِيل عن أعمال الطبيعة الخارقة للعادة إنها أعمال الله وإذا قِيل عن الأشجار الطويلة التي تزيد في طولها عن المُعتاد أنها أشجار الله، فليس هناك ما يدعو للدهشة عندما يُسمَّى الرجال الطُّوال الأقوياء في سِفر التكوين أبناء الله، حتى ولو كانوا قُطَّاع طُرُق وفَسَقة كفارًا.

...We may deny his conclusions; we may consider his system of thought preposterous and even pernicious, but we cannot refuse him the respect which is the right of all sincere and honourable men. [...] Spinoza's influence over European thought is too great to be denied or set aside...