Peace is not the absence of war, but a virtue based on strength of character. - Benedictus de Spinoza

تَعوَّد اليهود أن يَنسِبوا إلى الله ما كان يتعدَّى فهْمَهم ويجهلون أسبابه الطبيعية في ذلك العصر، فالعاصفة «غضب الله»، والرعد والصاعقة سهام الله. ويعتقد أنَّ الله يحبِس الرياح في كهوفٍ يُسمُّونها غرفة كنز الله، ويختلفون في هذا الصَّدَد عن الوثنِيِّين؛ لأنهم يجعلون الله وليس أيول مُسيِّر الرياح، وللسبب نفسه سُمِّيت المُعجزات أفعال الله أي أفعالًا تُثير الدهشة، ذلك أنَّ كلَّ الأشياء الطبيعية أفعال الله، وهي لا تحدُث أو تُؤثِّر إلَّا بقدرة الله وحدَها. وهذا ما أراد كاتب المزامير أن يُعبِّر عنه عندما سَمَّى مُعجِزات مصر قُدرات الله؛ لأنَّ هذه المُعجِزات فَتَحت للعبرانيين، وهُم على شفا خطرٍ داهم، طريقًا للخلاص لم يَكونوا يأمُلون فيه، فأثارت إعجابهم الشديد. فإذا قِيل عن أعمال الطبيعة الخارقة للعادة إنها أعمال الله وإذا قِيل عن الأشجار الطويلة التي تزيد في طولها عن المُعتاد أنها أشجار الله، فليس هناك ما يدعو للدهشة عندما يُسمَّى الرجال الطُّوال الأقوياء في سِفر التكوين أبناء الله، حتى ولو كانوا قُطَّاع طُرُق وفَسَقة كفارًا.

But of what concern is Spinoza's last will to us if what is meant by this is his explicit will? Even Spinoza was bound by the historical conditions under which he lived and thought. In his age, he had to come into conflict with Judaism, a conflict in which both sides were right: the Jewish community that had to defend the conditions of Jewish existence in the Diaspora, or as others say, the Jewish "form"; and Spinoza, who was called upon to loosen the rigidity of the content of this "form," that is, the "subterranean Judaism," and thus to initiate the rebirth of the Jewish nation. Several centuries were needed to make Spinoza's critique of the Law sufficiently flexible so that the Law could be acknowledged without believing in its revealed character. At the end of this development stood a generation that was free-spirited enough to be able to accept Spinoza's critique of the Law, and that was even freer than he inasmuch as it had moved beyond the crude alternative: divine or human? revealed or conceived by men? When properly interpreted, not only does Spinoza not stand outside Judaism, he belongs to it as one of its greatest teachers.

Spinoza is the anomaly. The fact that Spinoza, atheist and damned, does not end up behind bars or burned at the stake, like other revolutionary innovators of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, can only mean that his metaphysics effectively represents the pole of an antagonistic relationship of force that is already solidly established: The development of productive forces and relations of production in seventeenth-century Holland already comprehends the tendency toward an antagonistic future. Within this frame, then, Spinoza's materialist metaphysics is the potent anomaly of the century: not a vanquished or marginal anomaly but, rather, an anomaly of victorious materialism, of the ontology of a being that always moves forward and that by constituting itself poses the ideal possibility for revolutionizing the world.