Almost none of the students in any major showed a consistent understanding of how to apply methods of evaluating truth they had learned in their own … - David Epstein

The Columbia Accident Investigation Board concluded that NASA’s culture “emphasized chain of command, procedure, following the rules, and going by the book. While rules and procedures were essential for coordination, they had an unintended negative effect.” Once again, “allegiance to hierarchy and procedure” had ended in disaster. Again, lower ranking engineers had concerns they could not quantify; they stayed silent because “the requirement for data was stringent and inhibiting.

Most problems are not solved by adding more.

They are solved by taking something away.

But our brains default in the opposite direction.

Progress often starts with removal.

Big innovation most often happens when an outsider who may be far away from the surface of the problem reframes the problem in a way that unlocks the solution.