Throughput is the rate at which a system achieves its desired goal. - Josh Kaufman

HERE’S WHAT MAKES A BUSINESS RESILIENT: Low (preferably zero) outstanding debt Low overhead, fixed costs, and operating expenses Substantial cash reserves for unexpected contingencies Multiple independent products/industries/lines of business Flexible workers/employees who can handle many responsibilities well No single points of failure Fail-safes/backup systems for all core processes

Risks are known unknowns. Uncertainties are unknown unknowns.

By choosing to innovate instead of compete, Apple successfully captured a leadership share of a very competitive market.