La literatura utiliza las figuras retóricas como un arma en su antagonismo con el sentido puro, con la significación abstracta que han tomado las pal… - Tzvetan Todorov

Dans la vie du héros, certaines qualités humaines sont plus prisées que d’autres. La première, peut-être, est la fidélité à un idéal – fidélité que l’on apprécie en elle-même, indépendamment de la nature de cet idéal (c’est pourquoi on peut admirer un ennemi-héros). Le héros est, en ce sens, le contraire du traître : il ne trahit jamais, quelles que soient les circonstances (cela

When we examine, not the language of the propaganda, but the witness of the combatants themselves, religion does not occupy the first place. Their motivations are more often secular: they mention their sympathy for a population reduced to poverty, the victims of the whim of ruling classes that live in luxury and corruption- rulers able to maintain themselves in power thanks only to the support of the American government ( as in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Egypt). They speak of the members of their families or their local communities who have suffered or died by the fault of these governments ( and thus of their protectors); and they want to avenge them. The thirst for vengeance did not wait for Islam to appear in the world, and the appeal to the law of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is universal.

Wars are motivated by the need to seize the wealth of our neighbours, to wield power, to protect ourselves from real or imagined threats: in short they have, as we have seen, political, social, economic or demographic causes. There is no need to refer to Islam or the clash of civilizations to explain why the Afghans or the Iraqis resist the western military forces occupying their countries. Nor to speak of anti-Jewish sentiment or anti-Semitism to understand the reasons why the Palestinians are not overjoyed by the Israeli occupation of their lands.