I dove into work showing that highly credentialed experts can become so narrow-minded that they actually get worse with experience, even while becomi… - David Epstein

learning itself is best done slowly to accumulate lasting knowledge, even when that means performing poorly on tests of immediate progress. That is, the most effective learning looks inefficient; it looks like falling behind.

highly credentialed experts can become so narrow-minded that they actually get worse with experience, even while becoming more confident — a dangerous combination.

The happiest people aren't the freest, they're the most constrained. Decades of psychology show that people who focus only on what they can control report higher happiness and lower stress. Don't just plan what to add in, decide what to limit.

Overspecialization can lead to collective tragedy even when every individual separately takes the most reasonable course of action.

This must change, he argues, if students are to capitalize on their unprecedented capacity for abstract thought. They must be taught to think before being taught what to think about. Students come prepared with scientific spectacles, but do not leave carrying a scientific-reasoning Swiss Army knife.