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" "The general intelligence which is the faculty of arranging concepts “reasonably” and handling words suitably, must therefore aid in the social life just as intelligence in the narrower sense of the word, which is the mathematical function of the mind, presides over the knowledge of matter. It is the first of these we have in mind when we say of a man that he is intelligent. By that we mean that he has the ability and the facility for combining the ordinary concepts and for drawing probable conclusions from them. One can hardly take issue with him on that account, as long as he confines himself to things of every-day life, for which the concepts were made. But one would hardly admit of a man who was merely intelligent undertaking to speak with authority on scientific questions seeing that the intellect, made precise in science, becomes a mathematical, physical and biological attitude of mind, and substitutes for words more appropriate signs. All the more should one forbid him to meddle in philosophy when the questions raised are no longer in the domain of the intelligence alone. But no, it is agreed that the intelligent man is on this point a competent man. Against this I protest most vigorously. I hold the intelligence in high esteem, but I have a very mediocre opinion of the “intelligent man,” whose cleverness consists in talking about all things with a show of truth.
Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Biography information from Wikiquote
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Si régulière que soit une physionomie, si harmonieuse qu'on en suppose les lignes, si souples les mouvements, jamais l'équilibre n'en est absolument parfait. On y démêlera toujours l'indication d'une grimace possible, enfin une déformation préférée où se contourneraient plutôt la nature. L'art du caricaturiste est de saisir ce mouvement parfois imperceptible, et de le rendre visible à tous les yeux en l'agrandissant. Il fait grimacer ses modèles comme ils grimaceraient eux-mêmes s'ils allaient jusqu'au bout de leur grimace. Il devine, sous les harmonies superficielles de la forme, les révoltes profondes de la matière. Il réalise des disproportions et des déformations qui ont dû exister dans la nature à l'état de velléité, mais qui n'ont pu aboutir, refoulées par une force meilleure.
Mesmo para aqueles dentre nós que ela fez artistas, foi por acaso, e apenas parcialmente, que ela levantou o véu. Apenas numa direção ela esqueceu de ligar a percepção à necessidade. E como cada direção corresponde ao que chamamos de sentido, é por um desses sentidos, e apenas por esse sentido, que o artista em geral se consagra à arte. Daí, na origem, a diversidade das artes. Daí também a especialidade das
predisposições. Um artista se aplicará às cores e às formas, e como ama a cor pela cor, a forma pela forma, como as percebe por elas e não para ele, é a vida interior das coisas que ele verá transparecer através de suas formas e cores. Ele fará a vida entrar aos poucos em nossa percepção a princípio confundida. Por um momento pelo menos ele nos desligará dos preconceitos de forma e cor que se interpunham entre nosso olho e a realidade. E realizará assim a mais alta ambição da arte, que é no caso a de nos revelar a natureza.
The stating and solving of the problem are here very close to being equivalent; the truly great problems are set forth only when they are solved. But many little problems are in the same position. I open an elementary treatise on philosophy. One of the first chapters deals with pleasure and pain. There the student is asked a question such as this: “Is pleasure happiness, or not?” But first one must know if pleasure and happiness are genera corresponding to a natural division of things into sections. Strictly speaking the phrase could signify simply: “Given the ordinary meaning of the terms pleasure and happiness should one say that happiness consists in a succession of pleasures?” It is then a question of vocabulary that is being raised; it can be solved only by finding out how the words “pleasure” and “happiness” have been used by the writers who have best handled the language. One will moreover have done a useful piece of work; one will have more accurately defined two ordinary terms, that is, two social habitudes. But if one claims to be doing more, to be grasping realities and not to be re-examining conventions, why should one expect terms, which are perhaps artificial (whether they are or not is not yet known since the object has not been studied), to state a problem which concerns the very nature of things?