French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (1596–1650)
René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650) was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and writer. He is known for his influential arguments for substance dualism, where mind and body are considered to have distinct essences, one being characterized by thought, the other by spatial extension. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics." He is also known as Cartesius.
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I would like those who are not at all versed in anatomy to take the trouble, before reading this, to have the heart of some large animal that has lungs dissected in their presence (for such a heart is in all respects sufficiently similar to that of a man), and to be shown the two chambers or cavities that are in it.
i manifestly understand that there is more reality in infinite than in finite substance, and that therefore the perception of the infinite in me must be in some way prior to that of the finite: the perception of god, in other words, prior to that of myself. for how could i possibly understand that i doubt, and that i desire, that is, that there is something lacking in me, and that i am not completely perfect, if there were no idea in me of a more perfect being, by comparison with which i could recognize my own shortcomings?
En realidad, la hipótesis del genio maligno ni es un juego ni un círculo de hierro, sino un movimiento dialéctico, muy importante en el curso del pensamiento cartesiano. Repárese en que la hipótesis del genio maligno, necesita, para ser destruida, la demostración de la existencia de Dios. Sólo cuando sabemos que Dios existe y que Dios es incapaz de engañarnos, sólo entonces queda deshecha la última
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Γι'αυτό πιστεύω ότι θα τις χρησιμοποιήσωπιο συνετά αν, υιοθετώντας μια αντίθετη άποψη, βάλω ο ίδιος τα δυνατά μου να εξαπατηθώ, παριστάνοντας ότι όλες αυτές οι σκέψεις εξασφαλμένες και φανταστικές, ώσπου τελικά, έχοντας εξισορροπήσει τις παλιές και τις νέες προκαταλήψιες μου, καμία κακή συνήθεα να μην αλλοιώνει πλέον την κρίση μου, εμποδίζοντας τη να αντιλαμβάνεται σωστά τα πράγματα.
[...] the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellences, are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress, provided they keep always to the straight road, than those who, while they run, forsake it.
My third maxim was to endeavor always to conquer myself rather than fortune, and change my desires rather than the order of the world, and in general, accustom myself to the persuasion that, except our own thoughts, there is nothing absolutely in our power; so that when we have done our best in things external to us, all wherein we fail of success is to be held, as regards us, absolutely impossible: and this single principle seemed to me sufficient to prevent me from desiring for the future anything which I could not obtain, and thus render me contented