French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (1596–1650)
René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650) was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and writer. He is known for his influential arguments for substance dualism, where mind and body are considered to have distinct essences, one being characterized by thought, the other by spatial extension. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics." He is also known as Cartesius.
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This result could have been achieved either by his [God] endowing my intellect with a clear and distinct perception of everything about which I would ever deliberate, or simply by impressing the following rule so firmly upon my memory that I could never forget it: I should never judge anything that I do not clearly and distinctly understand.
It is useful to know something of the manners of different nations, that we may be enabled to form a more correct judgment regarding our own, and be prevented from thinking that everything contrary to our customs is ridiculous and irrational, a conclusion usually come to by those whose experience has been limited to their own country.
I was especially delighted with the mathematics, on account of the certitude and evidence of their reasonings; but I had not as yet a precise knowledge of their true use; and thinking that they but contributed to the advancement of the mechanical arts, I was astonished that foundations, so strong and solid, should have had no loftier superstructure reared on them.
Και όπως ένας σκλάβος, που απολάμβανε στον ύπνο του μια φανταστική ελευθερία, μόλις αρχίσει να υποπτεύεται ότι ονειρεύεται, φοβάται μην ξυπνήσει και κρατάει τα μάτια τουκλειστά, ενώ ευχάριστες ψευδαισθήσεις τον νανουρίζουν, έτσι και εγώ επιστρέφω ασυναίσθητα στις παλιές απόψεις μου και φοβάμαι μήπως ξυπνήσω, μήπως η επώδυνη αφύπνιση που ακολουθεί μια γλυκιά γαλήνη, στο μέλλον δεν συμβεί κάτω από φως, αλλά μέσα στο δαιδαλώδες σκοτάδι των δυσκολιών που μόλις θίξαμε.
But I cannot forget that, at other times I have been deceived in sleep by similar illusions; and, attentively considering those cases, I perceive so clearly that there exist no certain marks by which the state of waking can ever be distinguished from sleep, that I feel greatly astonished; and in amazement I almost persuade myself that I am now dreaming.