Teaching kids to read a little early is not a lasting advantage. Teaching them how to hunt for and connect contextual clues to understand what they r… - David Epstein

Struggling to retrieve information primes the brain for subsequent learning,

Ed Catmull requires directors to pitch three ideas, not one.

One idea creates attachment. Three create perspective.

With multiple options, people compare instead of defend.

That is what leads to better decisions.

The aversion to contrary ideas is not a simple artifact of stupidity or ignorance. Yale law and psychology professor Dan Kahan has shown that more scientifically literate adults are actually more likely to become dogmatic about politically polarizing topics in science. Kahan thinks it could be because they are better at finding evidence to confirm their feelings: the more time they spend on the topic, the more hedgehog-like they become.