As for the terms good and bad, they indicate no positive quality in things regarded in themselves, but are merely modes of thinking, or notions which we form from the comparison of things one with another. Thus one and the same thing can be at the same time good, bad, and indifferent. For instance, music is good for him that is melancholy, bad for him that mourns; for him that is deaf, it is neither good nor bad.
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Those things, thoughts, beings, acts, and instincts which help us to the pleasurable experiences of life we call good, and those which deprive us of pleasure or which bring upon us painful experiences we call bad. This is the supreme standard—Utility. Is the thing, thought, being, act, or impulse useful? Does it lead directly or indirectly to happiness and well-being? If it does, it is right, proper, and good. If it does not, it is wrong, improper, and bad.
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The oldest definition [of “good”] was this: the noble, the mightier, higher-placed and high-minded held themselves and their actions to be good of the first rank in contradistinction to everything low and low-minded. Noble, in the sense of the class-consciousness of a higher caste, is the primary concept from which develops good in the sense of spiritually aristocratic. The lowly are designated as bad (not evil). Bad does not acquire its unqualified depreciatory meaning till much later. In the mouth of the people it is a laudatory word; the German word schlecht is identical with schlicht (cf. schlechtweg and schlechterdings).
BUENO Y MALO (bonum-malum) Es bueno lo que favorece la relación de movimiento y reposo (M-R) que articula las partes del cuerpo humano (E3P39); lo que ayuda a acercarse al modelo ideal de naturaleza humana elegido como guía estratégica de la conducta (E4Praef.); lo que concuerda con la propia naturaleza, especialmente en términos racionales (E4P40); también lo es cuanto promueve el desarrollo de la racionalidad (E4P27 y A5); y, finalmente, todo lo que reporta con certeza alguna utilidad, mientras que es nocivo aquello que lo impide (E4Def1 y 2). Como es obvio, se llama malo a lo contrario en los cinco sentidos mencionados, toda vez que es algo derivado y está en función de lo bueno. No hay un bien o un mal absolutos, sino unas relaciones valorativas adaptadas a la situación (E4Praef.), lo que no supone un puro relativismo, sino una inteligencia flexible de lo que conviene.
There is a strange duality in the human which makes for an ethical paradox. We have definitions of good qualities and of bad; not changing things, but generally considered good and bad throughout the ages and throughout the species. Of the good, we think always of wisdom, tolerance, kindliness, generosity, humility; and the qualities of cruelty, greed, self-interest, graspingness, and rapacity are universally considered undesirable. And yet in our structure of society, the so-called and considered good qualities are invariable concomitants of failure, while the bad ones are the cornerstones of success. A man — a viewing-point man — while he will love the abstract good qualities and detest the abstract bad, will nevertheless envy and admire the person who though possessing the bad qualities has succeeded economically and socially, and will hold in contempt that person whose good qualities have caused failure. When such a viewing-point man thinks of Jesus or St. Augustine or Socrates he regards them with love because they are the symbols of the good he admires, and he hates the symbols of the bad. But actually he would rather be successful than good. In an animal other than man we would replace the term “good” with “weak survival quotient” and the term “bad” with “strong survival quotient.” Thus, man in his thinking or reverie status admires the progression toward extinction, but in the unthinking stimulus which really activates him he tends toward survival. Perhaps no other animal is so torn between alternatives. Man might be described fairly adequately, if simply, as a two-legged paradox. He has never become accustomed to the tragic miracle of consciousness. Perhaps, as has been suggested, his species is not set, has not jelled, but is still in a state of becoming, bound by his physical memories to a past of struggle and survival, limited in his futures by the uneasiness of thought and consciousness.
Was ist gut? – Alles, was das Gefühl der Macht, den Willen zur Macht, die Macht selbst im Menschen erhöht.
Was ist schlecht? – Alles, was aus der Schwäche stammt.
Was ist Glück? – Das Gefühl davon, daß die Macht wächst, – daß ein Widerstand überwunden wird. — -
What is good? Everything that heightens the feeling of power in man, the will to power, power itself.
What is bad? Everything that is born of weakness.
What is happiness? The feeling that power is growing, that resistance is overcome. — -
Thiện là gì? Mọi cái nâng cao cảm xúc quyền lực trong con người, ý chí quyền lực, quyền tự thân.
Ác là gì? Mọi cái sinh ra từ sự nhu nhược.
Hạnh phúc là gì? Cảm giác quyền lực đang tăng trưởng và cảm giác trở lực được khắc phục.
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