Watson, Deep Blue, and ever-better machine learning algorithms are cool. But the most valuable companies in the future won’t ask what problems can be solved with computers alone. Instead, they’ll ask: how can computers help humans solve hard problems?

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Proprietary technology is the most substantive advantage a company can have because it makes your product difficult or impossible to replicate. Google’s search algorithms, for example, return results better than anyone else’s.

The total net profit that you earn on average over the course of your relationship with a customer (Customer Lifetime Value, or CLV) must exceed the amount you spend on average to acquire a new customer (Customer Acquisition Cost, or CAC).

Horizontal or extensive progress means copying things that work — going from 1 to n. Horizontal progress is easy to imagine because we already know what it looks like. Vertical or intensive progress means doing new things — going from 0 to 1. Vertical progress is harder to imagine because it requires doing something nobody else has ever done.

instancia. El siguiente gráfico muestra la cruda realidad frente a la homogeneidad relativa percibida: Nuestros resultados en Founders Fund ilustran este sesgado patrón: Facebook, la mejor inversión en nuestro fondo de 2005, fue más rentable que el resto de las compañías juntas. Palantir, la segunda mejor inversión, tendrá una rentabilidad que supera la generada por la suma del resto de las compañías a excepción de Facebook. Este patrón tan irregular no es inusual: lo observamos también en el resto de nuestros fondos.