5th-century BCE Greek philosopher
Socrates (Σωκράτης; c. 470 BC – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand.
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Să te temi de moarte, cetăţeni, nu este nimic altceva decât să-ţi închipui că eşti înţelept fără să fii, înseamnă să crezi că ştii ceea ce nu ştii. Căci nimeni nu ştie ce este moartea şi nici dacă nu e cumva cel mai mare bine pentru om, dar toţi se tem de ea ca şi cum ar fi siguri că e cel mai mare rău. Iar acest fel de a gândi cum să nu fie tocmai prostia aceea vrednică de dispreţ - de a crede că ştii ceea ce nu ştii? Eu însă, atenieni, poate că tocmai prin aceasta şi în acest punct mă deosebesc de cei mai mulţi (chiar dacă ar însemna să spun că într-o privinţă sunt mai înţelept decât altul), şi anume că, dacă nu ştiu mare lucru despre cele din Hades, îmi şi dau seama că nu ştiu.
I went to interview a man with a high reputation for wisdom, because I felt that here if anywhere I should succeed in disproving the oracle and pointing out to my divine authority 'You said that I was the wisest of men, but here is a man who is wiser than I am.' Well, I gave a thorough examination to this person... and in conversation with him I formed the impression that although in many people's opinion, and especially in his own, he appeared to be wise, in fact he was not. Then when I began to try to show him that he only thought he was wise and was not really so, my efforts were resented both by him and by many of the other people present. However, I reflected as I walked away: 'Well, I am certainly wiser than this man. It is only too likely that neither of us has any knowledge to boast of; but he thinks that he knows something which he does not know, whereas I am quite conscious of my ignorance. At any rate it seems that I am wiser than he is to this small extent, that I do not think that I know what I do not know... [A]s I pursued my investigation at the god's command,... my honest impression was... that the people with the greatest reputations were almost entirely deficient, while others who were supposed to be their inferiors were much better qualified in practical intelligence.
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