This difference is key. Thinking in probabilities — this business has a 60 percent chance of success — rather than deterministically — if I do A and B, then C will definitely happen — doesn’t just guard against oversimplification; it further protects against the brain’s inherent laziness.

we need to understand the way our brain shapes our beliefs and our beliefs shape our reality. There is perhaps no one better suited to help us look at this issue than the Nobel Prize–winning economist Daniel Kahneman.

Yet for these high, hard goals to really work their magic, Locke and Latham found that certain moderators — the word psychologists use to describe "if-then" conditions — need to be in place. One of the most important is commitment. "You have to believe in what you're doing," continues Latham. "Big goals work best when there's an alignment between an individual's values and the desired outcome of the goal. When everything lines up, we're totally committed — meaning we're paying even more attention, are even more resilient, and are way more productive as a result."

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In a world without constraints, most people take their time on projects and assume far fewer risks, while spending as much money as you'll give them. They try to reach their goals in comfortable and conservative ways — which, of course, leads nowhere new.

The same country that put humans on the Moon in 1969 now takes an average of 4.5 years to approve major infrastructure permits.. longer than it took to build the Panama Canal. 

Transmission lines average 10 years from permitting to completion. The bottleneck to abundance is not technology, but BUREAUCRACY!

With the smart grid for energy and the smart grid for water — what’s technically called resource consumption optimization — we’re seeing the second wave. Next up is the automation and control of far more complex autonomous systems — such as self-driving cars.

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Yet for these high, hard goals to really work their magic, Locke and Latham found that certain moderators — the word psychologists use to describe "if-then" conditions — need to be in place. One of the most important is commitment. "You have to believe in what you're doing," continues Latham. "Big goals work best when there's an alignment between an individual's values and the desired outcome of the goal. When everything lines up, we're totally committed — meaning we're paying even more attention, are even more resilient, and are way more productive as a result." This is another key point. When Kelly Johnson created the original skunk works, the goal wasn't to build a new plane in record time — that was just one of many things that happened on the way to the main big goal: saving the world from Nazi peril. This is the kind of big goal everyone can get behind. It's why the engineers agreed to work horrific hours in a foul-smelling circus tent. And most importantly, because this alignment between core values and desired outcomes jacked up performance and productivity, it became one of the fundamental reasons that plane was delivered in record time. The Secrets of Skunk: Part Two At the Lockheed skunk works, Kelly Johnson ran a tight ship. He loved efficiency. He had a motto — "be quick, be quiet, and be on time" — and a