Tzvetan Todorov Quotes

certidumbres ideológicas siempre han sabido dominar las contingencias individuales.

Life cannot withstand death, but memory is gaining in its struggle against nothingness.

It seems that, once introduced into public life, evil easily perpetuates itself, whereas good is always difficult, rare, and fragile. And yet possible.

Cierto es que este mal no era homogéneo, de otra manera la vida no hubiera sido posible: yo seguía encontrándome con gente maravillosa, o me aprovechaba de gestos maravillosos de quienes no siempre los tenían. En ausencia de una vida pública decente, la vida privada latía a plenitud (aun cuando en esos momentos yo no me daba cuenta de ello): los amores, las amistades, las pasiones intelectuales o artísticas, eran intensos

Colón va a pasar del asimilacionismo, que implicaba una igualdad de principio, a la ideología esclavista,

Las Nuevas Leyes de 1542, sobre el gobierno de las colonias españolas,

La mort seule – la sienne propre comme celle des autres – permet d’atteindre l’absolu : en sacrifiant sa vie, on prouve qu’on chérit son idéal plus qu’elle.

Un premier exemple de dignité ainsi entendue pourrait être le simple fait de rester propre, alors même que tout pousse à l’attitude contraire : l’eau est rare ou froide ou sale, les latrines sont loin, le climat sévère. Mais les témoignages sont nombreux qui le confirment : une personne qui parvient à se tenir propre, à apporter un minimum de soins à son habillement, inspire le respect aux autres détenus (et accroît ses propres chances de survie : la morale est, ici, payante). Primo Levi affirme qu’il doit son salut à une leçon qui lui est administrée par le sergent Steinlauf, au début de sa détention : rester propre pour ne pas s’avilir à ses propres yeux. « Aussi est-ce pour nous un devoir envers nous-mêmes que de nous laver le visage sans savon, dans de l’eau sale, et de nous essuyer avec notre veste. Un devoir, de cirer nos souliers, non certes parce que c’est écrit dans le règlement, mais par dignité et par propreté » (Si,

Ce que l’extrême et l’ordinaire ont également en commun, c’est que, ici comme là, la majorité des individus opte pour les valeurs vitales, et quelques-uns seulement choisissent l’autre voie. Ou peut-être : la plupart du temps, chaque individu opte pour les valeurs vitales ; mais n’ignore pas pour autant les réactions morales.

Cette attitude non héroïque a cependant un inconvénient : c’est qu’elle se prête mal aux récits ou en tous les cas aux récits de facture classique ; or la fonction narrative est indispensable dans toute société.

Unlimited freedom kills freedom.

"Every human being needs a set of norms and rules, traditions and customs, transmitted from the older to the younger; without those norms, the individual would never achieve the fullness of his humanity, but would be reduced to the condition of the 'Wild Child", condemned to anomie, in other words to the absence of all law and all order- an absence that can create severe disturbances.

Wars are motivated by the need to seize the wealth of our neighbours, to wield power, to protect ourselves from real or imagined threats: in short they have, as we have seen, political, social, economic or demographic causes. There is no need to refer to Islam or the clash of civilizations to explain why the Afghans or the Iraqis resist the western military forces occupying their countries. Nor to speak of anti-Jewish sentiment or anti-Semitism to understand the reasons why the Palestinians are not overjoyed by the Israeli occupation of their lands.

For the same reason , the American government has invented a completely new juridical category , that of 'illegal enemy combatants'. In general, the perpetrators of violence against the population clearly fall into two groups which, once they have been arrested, come under different jurisdictions, but still possess certain rights. In times of peace, they are criminals, protected in every state of law by habeas corpus, defended by lawyers, and judged in accord with the law. In times of war, they are enemy soldiers who, if captured, must be treated in accord with international Conventions. In what category are we to classify the terrorist of Al-Qaeda? Since they do not belong to the regular of a country that has signed the conventions of Geneva, they cannot claim the protection of those conventions. So do they fall under ordinary legislation? It is here that the formula' war on terror' shows how useful it is: since there is a 'war' going on, the laws of peacetime do not apply; but since this war is not being waged on anther country, international conventions do not come into it either! And since this 'war' can never end, the government that declares it is placing itself for an indefinite period above national laws, as well as above international norms.

When ‘all is permitted’ in the fight against terror, a counter-terrorist starts to become indistinguishable from the initial terrorist. Furthermore, all the terrorists in the world think they are counter-terrorists, merely responding to a prior act of terror. They are not the only ones: it is always possible, and easy, to find a prior violence that supposedly justifies our present violence. But, on this way of reckoning, war will never end.